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Resources Testing Resources Testing Terminology

Q

1.

Testing Terminology

With the growing importance of language assessment, the Language Testing and Training Center (LTTC) has decided to update and expand our list of the most common terms used in the field of language assessment. It is hoped that this updated list of terms will be of use to teachers and researchers who have an interest in language assessment. Terms on the list are divided into four main categories: (1) assessment, (2) test validation, (3) educational measurement, and (4) research methodology. Terms in the assessment and test validation categories are listed alphabetically, while the concepts in the educational measurement and research methodology categories are listed by relevance.

Q

2.

Assessment Purposes – 評量目的

  • Assessment of learning – 學習結果的評量
  • Assessment for learning – 促進學習的評量
  • Assessment as learning – 評量即學習

Q

3.

Types of Assessment – 評量種類

  • Dynamic assessment – 動態評量
  • Formative assessment – 形成性評量
  • Learning-oriented assessment – 學習導向評量
  • Peer assessment – 同儕互評/同儕評量
  • Portfolio assessment – 檔案評量
  • Self-assessment – 自我評量
  • Summative assessment – 總結式評量

Q

4.

Types of Tests – 測驗種類

  • Achievement test – 成就測驗
  • Aptitude test – 性向測驗
  • Cognitive diagnostic test – 認知診斷測驗
  • Computer-based test – 電腦化測驗
  • Computerized adaptive test – 電腦適性測驗
  • Criterion-referenced test – 標準參照測驗,如「全民英檢」,各級明訂能力指標
  • Diagnostic test – 診斷性測驗
  • General proficiency test – 一般能力測驗
  • High-stakes test – 高利害測驗
  • Integrated test – 整合型測驗
  • Intelligence test – 智力測驗
  • Low-stakes test – 低利害測驗
  • Norm-referenced test – 常模參照測驗,如托福測驗
  • Placement test – 編班測驗/分班測驗
  • Standardized test – 標準化測驗

Q

5.

Test Development – 測驗研發/測驗發展

  • Alternate forms – 複本試卷
  • Anchor item – 定錨試題
  • Assessment literacy – 評量素養/評量識能
  • Can-do statement – 能作敘述
  • Code of ethics – 專業倫理規範
  • Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR) – 歐洲語言學習、教學、評量共同參考架構
  • Descriptors – 能力說明
  • Distractors – 誘答選項
  • Equivalent forms – 同等試卷/等值試卷
  • Fairness – 公平性
  • Field testing/pilot testing – 預試/前導研究
  • Performance conditions – 作答條件(如作答時間、準備時間等)
  • Posttest– 後測
  • Practicality – 實用性
  • Pretest – 預試/前測
  • Probability – 概率/機率
  • Standardization – 標準化
  • Test security – 測驗安全性
  • Test specifications – 測驗內容規範

Q

6.

Item Banking and Compiling – 題庫與組卷

  • Ability/trait parameter – 能力值
  • Absence of bias – 無偏誤
  • Calibration – 試題難易校準
  • Classical test theory (CTT) – 古典測驗理論
  • Differential item functioning (DIF) – 差別試題功能/差異試題功能
  • Difficulty – 難易度
  • Difficulty index – 難易度指數
  • Discrimination – 鑑別度
  • Discrimination index – 鑑別度指數
  • Equating – 等化
  • Facility – 題目難度
  • Item – 試題
  • Item analysis – 試題分析
  • Item-response theory (IRT) – 試題反應理論
  • Parameter – 參數
  • Stem – 題幹

Q

7.

Reliability – 信度

  • Alternate form reliability – 複本信度
  • Internal consistency reliability – 內部一致性信度(一般稱Cronbach's α 係數)
  • Inter-rater reliability – 評分者之間信度
  • Intra-rater reliability – 評分者本身信度
  • Split-half reliability – 折半信度
  • Test-retest reliability – 再測信度

Q

8.

Validity – 效度

  • Assessment use argument (AUA)–評量使用論證
  • Cognitive validity–認知效度
  • Concurrent validity – 同時效度
  • Consequential validity – 後果效度
  • Construct validity – 建構效度
  • Content validity – 內容效度
  • Context validity – 語境效度
  • Convergent validity – 聚合效度
  • Criterion-related validity – 效標關聯效度
  • Divergent/Differential validity – 區辨效度
  • External validity – 外在效度
  • Face validity – 表面效度
  • Internal validity – 內在效度
  • Predictive validity – 預測效度

Q

9.

Scoring – 評分

  • Analytic scoring – 分析性評分/分項式評分
  • Assessor/Evaluator/Rater – 評分老師/評分者
  • Automatic scoring (e-rating) – 數位自動化評分
  • Band – 等級
  • Benchmark – 比較基準/參照標準
  • Composite score – 總分
  • Cut-off score – 決斷分數/切截分數
  • Holistic scoring – 整體性評分
  • Human scoring – 真人評分
  • Interlocutor/Examiner – 面談主試者/主考官
  • Marking scheme – 評分參考(文件)
  • Observed score – 測驗實得分數
  • Rating scale/Rating rubric – 評分量表(評量表)
  • Raw score – 原始分數
  • Rubrics – 評分指標
  • Score range – 分數範圍
  • Scoring formula – 計分公式
  • Stakeholder – 利害關係人
  • Standard score – 標準分數
  • Subscore – 分項分數/各項分數
  • Test (score) user – 測驗採用者
  • Test-taker/Examinee – 考生
  • True score – 真實分數

Q

10.

Test Impact – 測驗產生的影響

  • Teaching to the test – 應試教學
  • Learning outcome – 學習成效
  • Backwash/Washback effect – 回沖效應

Q

11.

Variables – 變數/變項

  • Continuous variable – 連續變項
  • Categorical variable – 類別變項
  • Discrete variable – 區別不連續變項/間斷型變項
  • Dichotomous variable – 二分變項
  • Nominal variable – 名目變項
  • Interval variable – 等距變項
  • Ordinal variable – 次序變項
  • Ratio variable – 等比變項
  • Mediator – 中介變項
  • Moderator – 調節變項

Q

12.

Descriptive Statistics – 敘述性統計/描述性統計

  • Mean score – 平均數
  • Median – 中數
  • Mode – 眾數
  • Z score – 標準化值(z分數)
  • Standard deviation(SD)– 標準差
  • Variance –變異數
  • Covariance – 共變數
  • Standard error of measurement – 測量標準誤
  • Normal distribution – 常態分佈
  • Central tendency – 集中趨勢
  • Negatively skewed – 負偏態(非常態分佈,考生表現較預期佳)
  • Positively skewed – 正偏態(非常態分佈,考生表現較預期差)
  • Percentile – 百分位數
  • Percentile rank – 百分位等級

Q

13.

Inferential Statistics – 推論性統計

  • Testing of statistical hypothesis – 統計假設檢定
  • Null hypothesis – 虛無假設/原始假設
  • Alternative hypothesis – 對立假設
  • Statistical significance – 統計顯著性
  • Significant difference – 顯著差異
  • Statistical power – 統計檢定力
  • Level of significance/Significance level – 顯著性(一般定於 p =.05)
  • Confidence interval – 信賴區間
  • Correlation – 相關性
  • Coefficient – 係數
  • Correlation coefficient – 相關係數
  • Point-biserial correlation – 點二系列相關(適用於試題為二分變相的試題分析)
  • Regression – 迴歸
  • t-test – t檢定
  • Chi-square test – 卡方檢定
  • Analysis of variance(ANOVA)– 變異數分析
  • Correlation analysis – 相關性分析
  • Regression analysis – 迴歸分析
  • Multiple regression analysis – 多元(複)迴歸分析
  • Hierarchical regression – 階層迴歸分析
  • Hierarchical linear modeling – 階層線性模式
  • Logistic regression – 羅吉斯迴歸分析
  • Power analysis – 統計檢定力分析

Q

14.

Advanced Techniques – 高階統計方法

  • Factor – 變數/因素
  • Latent trait – 潛在特質
  • Factor analysis – 因素分析
  • Path analysis – 路徑分析
  • Structural equation modeling – 結構方程模型
  • Generalizability theory (GT) – 概化理論
  • Many-facet Rasch measurement (MFRM) – 多面向測量模式分析

Q

15.

Sampling Approaches – 樣本採集方法

  • Population – 母群體
  • Sample – 樣本
  • Random sampling – 隨機取樣
  • Systematic sampling – 系統抽樣

Q

16.

Data Collection/Analysis Approaches – 數據採集/分析方法

  • Quantitative research – 量化研究
  • Qualitative research – 質性研究
  • Survey research/method – 調查研究法
  • Think-aloud protocol/Thought verbalization – 放聲思考研究法/有聲思維
  • Grounded theory – 扎根理論/基礎理論/深入理論
  • Counterbalanced design – 對抗平衡設計
  • Questionnaire/Survey – 問卷
  • Interview – 訪談
  • Focus group interview – 焦點團體訪談
  • Structured interview – 結構性訪談
  • Semi-structured interview – 半結構性訪談
  • Generalization – 普遍性/概括性/類推性
  • Impact/Effect/Influence – 後效/影響

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